Uncovering the Secrets of Mexico's Pre-Hispanic Past
Discovery and Initial Investigation
In June 2024, during the construction of a third lane on a federal highway in Hidalgo, east-central Mexico, the structure was unearthed. Archaeologists from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) quickly responded and headed to the scene. Using an aerial drone, they surveyed the area and collected 155 samples, including pieces of ceramics, stone tools, and animal shells. These artifacts will now be closely studied in the lab over the next few months, providing valuable insights into the past.The discovery of the pyramid is just one part of a larger pre-Hispanic settlement known as San Miguel. This settlement dates between the Epiclassic period (650-950 CE) and the Late Postclassic period (1350-1519 CE), a time when the area was under the control of the "Metzca lordship." The INAH believes that this lordship left a "multi-ethnic imprint" that lasted until at least the 16th century CE.
However, human activity in the surrounding region dates back much further. The earliest settlements in the area are at least 14,000 years old, indicating a long and complex history.
Protecting the Relic
To safeguard the relic, the archaeological authorities approved the construction of a large wall around the pyramid. The wall measures 43 meters (141 feet) in length and 11.7 meters (38 feet) in height, providing a physical barrier to protect the site from further damage.This act of protection shows the importance that is placed on preserving Mexico's cultural heritage. The pyramid is not only a physical structure but also a symbol of the country's past and a source of pride for its people.
The Role of LiDAR in Discoveries
Recent years have seen a wealth of new discoveries, many of which can be attributed to LiDAR. This remote sensing technology uses laser light to reveal a world hidden from the naked eye. It generates information about the shape and characteristics of objects that might otherwise be hidden by vegetation, the ground, or other structures.In just the past year, the INAH used LiDAR to reveal traces of an 18-kilometer (11-mile) long highway that connected Maya cities over 1,200 years ago. Further south in present-day Guatemala, the imaging technique has also revealed evidence of a previously unknown Maya civilization made up of 964 interconnected settlements linked together with 177 kilometers (110 miles) of ancient roads.
These discoveries serve as a solid reminder that the pre-Columbian world was vibrant and incredibly complex long before the arrival of European colonizers. They show that there is still much to learn about our shared history and that archaeology continues to play a crucial role in uncovering the secrets of the past.
Indulge in Nordic Delights at St. John's
Section 1: The Coffee Extravaganza
Imagine a bottomless sea of coffee, ready to be sipped and savored. At the Nordic Kaffepause, you'll be greeted with an endless supply of the finest coffee, brewed to perfection. Whether you prefer a strong espresso or a smooth latte, there's a coffee for every palate. Let the rich aroma fill the air as you relax and enjoy this coffee lover's paradise.
The coffee at the Nordic Kaffepause is not just any ordinary coffee. It is sourced from the Nordic countries, known for their exceptional coffee beans. Each cup is a testament to the quality and craftsmanship that goes into making Nordic coffee. So, come and indulge in a cup of Nordic coffee and experience the true essence of this beloved beverage.
Section 2: Norwegian Delights
Treat your taste buds to the heavenly combination of Norwegian heart-shaped waffles with an array of toppings. These waffles are a true delight, with their crispy exterior and soft interior. Choose from an assortment of toppings such as whipped cream, chocolate sauce, fresh berries, and more. It's a treat that will leave you craving for more.
In addition to the waffles, you'll also find an assortment of Norwegian and Swedish cookies. These cookies are made with traditional recipes and are bursting with flavor. From the buttery goodness of the butter cookies to the rich chocolatey taste of the chocolate cookies, there's a cookie for every cookie lover. Savor the flavors of the Nordic countries with these delicious treats.
Section 3: Nordic Puddings and More
Don't miss out on the delicious Rommegrot, a Norwegian pudding that is both creamy and flavorful. This pudding is made with milk, cream, and sugar, and is often flavored with cardamom or other spices. It's a comforting dessert that will warm your heart on a cold winter day.
Alongside the pudding, you'll also find Lefse, a traditional Norwegian flatbread. Lefse is made with potatoes and flour and is often served with butter and sugar or with various fillings. It's a versatile bread that can be enjoyed in many different ways. Pair it with the cranberry juice for a truly authentic Nordic experience.
The Battle for Boulder County's Water Future
Opponents' Stance and Demands
Save the Colorado and an environmental coalition have been at the forefront of efforts to halt Denver Water's expansion. They believe that the project violates various environmental laws and has significant negative impacts on the local ecosystem. In their Friday remedy brief, they argue that the mitigations agreed upon during negotiations should continue, but construction of the dam itself should be halted. They claim that the glaring errors in the Army Corps' permitting processes, such as a flawed project purpose and an inadequate look at climate change, are serious defects that cannot be ignored. Environmental damage, they warn, would be "catastrophic," with the massive construction project killing 500,000 trees, destroying recreation areas and hiking trails, and displacing wildlife.They emphasize that these irreversible harms are of immense magnitude and that an injunction is necessary to give effect to the court's findings. "By definition, these harms are irreparable, and Petitioners are entitled to an injunction," they state.
Denver Water's Perspective and Concerns
Denver Water, on the other hand, argues that the district court has no jurisdiction over the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which has ordered Denver to finish the dam and its mitigations by 2027. They claim that failure to comply with the FERC order could result in license loss, civil penalties, or criminal prosecution.While the dam expansion is currently 60% complete, halting construction could stress temporary bolting and other measures used to hold back rock during the construction of the stronger and larger dam. Denver Water also emphasizes that they have been working for decades to obtain permits for this construction, arguing that new storage is needed in Boulder County to serve northern metro communities and balance their system.
The Impact on the Local Environment
Neighbors of Gross Reservoir have witnessed major changes to their local forests due to both tree thinning and shore-clearing for the impending rise in water as the dam is raised. Areas that have been previously thinned with prescribed fires are now visible from the Forsythe Canyon Trail in Nederland.The higher dam will more than double the holding capacity of Gross Reservoir, but at the cost of flooding surrounding forest land. This has raised concerns among local residents and environmental groups about the long-term environmental impacts of the project.
The Legal Battle and Next Steps
The judge had given the parties until Friday night to privately negotiate mitigation for the illegal permit, and will now consider each side's proposed remedies. Save the Colorado said negotiations "may" continue while the judge takes the next steps. Denver Water declined to comment.As the legal battle continues, the fate of Denver Water's Gross Dam expansion remains uncertain. The outcome will have significant implications for the local environment, communities, and the balance of water resources in the region.